Enrgtech | Electronic items

IoT Security

The IoT landscape is increasingly becoming aware of the need for security, IoT developers are facing increased demands for tighter security. IoT security is more than just secure sessions underlying secret keys and secure messaging. However, an intact security chain is complex to design and implement more so factoring in the cost of production. To allow designers to deliver on this expectations and requirements, IoT applications need to be built on root-of-trust with secure boot and firmware updates at the device level. Luckily a single chip can be used to implement a wide range of security mechanisms required to ensure that the necessary security mechanisms required for IoT application security are met.

A single chip for IoT security

The CEC1702 is such a chip that can be used to implement IoT security. Its cryptographic embedded controller enables developers to address heightened security measures with minimal effort without affecting the performance of the system. It is designed to support diverse nature of IoT security requirements. The CEC1702 employs both the ARM Cortex M4F processor alongside a full scale of peripherals and a multi-channel ADC, GPIOs, LED interfaces, UARTs, I²C, Timers, and SPI controllers.

The CEC1702’s distinguishing feature lies in its security capabilities. It combines secure storage and data protection features with several cryptographic engines. The chip also engages EAS crypto engine that embodies a crypto hash engine and public key engine that offers hardware support for numerous algorithms including RSA, ECDH, ECDSA among others. Hardware security can perform crypto algorithms orders of magnitude faster than any software-based methods can. This, in turn, enables developers to introduce strong encryption and authentication without affecting the performance of the application.

The CEC1702 can be used as a standalone MCU in an IoT design be used alongside an existing MCU. In such a setup the CEC102 is connected to the existing MCU added through SPI connections. On top serving more traditional needs for secure communications, the chip’s security mechanisms offer important support for wider lifecycle security requirements.

Secure boot

In an MCU-based IoT system, the CEC1702 connects to the flash memory storing firmware through the SPI. During startup, the CEC1702 begins running in the process holding the MCU in reset as it authenticates the security of the application code that used to boot the host MCU.

RoT lies with the sequential approach of the CEC102 toward firmware authentication required for a secure boot. On startup, the CEC102 powers up and then run the boot firmware stored in the ROM. The ROM code cannot be changed hence this step in the boot process creates a trusted foundation. This process is however not compulsory as developers can choose to load the application firmware without either the authentication or encryption. However, using these security measures helps in the continuation of the chain of trust to the end of the boot process.

During this secure booting process, the CEC1702 utilizes the security data that is held in its integrated Efuse one-time programmable memory so as to validate the firmware against information held in the firmware envelope. To successfully conduct authentication, the CEC1702 uses a public key contained in the Efuse to validate the firmware envelope’s ECDSA signature that is generated during image creation.

The signature is generated using a private key held by the customer thus it ensures that the firmware source is legitimate. When a developer engages encrypted firmware, the CEC 1702 winds up the authentication process with a decryption using ECDH key exchange so as to create the decryption key. In this process, the ECDH combines the NIST P-256 curve generator contained in the Efuse, the private key and the public key found in the embedded in the firmware envelope to derive the key to be used in decrypting the final image.

Easy implementation

Despite CEC1702’s complex security mechanism, the chip made it easy for developers to capitalize on the chip’s firmware authentication and encryption capabilities. For a software implementation, has been made easy by the company’s simple interface that is used to specify ECDSA and ECDH keys and generate Efuse data. For hardware development, the SecureloT1702 demo board offers a simple platform to jumpstart hardware development. The board has pushbuttons, LEDs, LCD and SST26VF016 16Mbit flash device for storing firmware images. These two tools ensure rapid development of highly secure IoT system easy and rapid.

Conclusion

IoT continues to be embraced rapidly across the globe. This means that poorly secured IoT devices pose a huge threat to IoT networks and applications. The single chip for IoT security offers a simple and affordable way to ensure proper IoT security.

When charging portable devices such as a smartphone or tablet, a USB plug socket is suitable while still being able to use socket outlets. A USB plug socket with one or more USB connections is available to connect several devices simultaneously.

Designed to provide optimum charging performance by delivering fast-charging solutions to enhance user experience. Airports, hotels, universities, stores, outlets and other areas that frequently host mobile device users will benefit from USB charging solutions. A socket with a USB plugin is advantageous since one can charge many devices simultaneously.

We have different kinds;

1. Colors brushed steel effect double USB socket, 2*2.1A USB

2. Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1 A 2-Outlet USB Charger White

• It has a screwed faceplate
• Slim raised profile
• Requires 25mm Back Box

3.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Brushed Stainless Steel

• It has a flat profile
• Has a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 35mm Back Box

4.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Brushed Stainless Steel.

• Has a mounted raised profile
• Has a screwed faceplate
• It should be used with 25mm Back Box.

5.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Brushed Stainless Steel

• Has a raised rounded profile
• screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box

6.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Black Nickel

• Has a raised rounded profile
• with screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box

7.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 3-Outlet USB Charger Brushed Stainless Steel

• Has a raised rounded profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box

8.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 3-Outlet USB Charger White

• Has a raised rounded profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box
• Is white.

9.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 3-Outlet USB Charger Brushed Stainless Steel

• Has a raised rounded profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box

10.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger, Black

• Has a flat profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with a 35mm Back Box

11.Lap 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Slate-Effect

• Has a flat profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with a 35mm Back Box

12.Lap 1-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 2.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger White

• Has a screwed faceplate
• Has a raised Slim profile
• Should be used with 35mm Back Box

13.British General 2-Gang SP 13A Switched Socket + 3.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Antique Brass

• Has a raised slim profile
• with a screwed faceplate
• Should be used with 25mm Back Box

14.Lap 2-Gang DP 13A Switched Socket + 2.1A 2-Outlet USB Charger Polished Chrome

• Has a flat profile
• Has a screwless faceplate
• It should be used with 35mm Back Box.

RN-270F Bluetooth Adapter The Microchip RN-270F is smaller than a business card that easily attaches to RS232 serial ports via a DB9 female connector. It gives any RS232 serial port Bluetooth capabilities and can run without external power. With a built-in AAA battery holders and an advanced sleep modes gives it an incredibly long-life operation (10-20hrs). Battery powered RS232 serial adapter eliminates messy cable clutter with Bluetooth link Compatible with all Roving Networks' serial adapters and Bluetooth modules and other devices supporting SPP Auto pairing and auto connect feature when communicating with other Roving devices Conveniently located DIP switches for baud rate selection and auto pair/connect modes Class 1 Bluetooth device with integrated antenna supporting Bluetooth 2.1+EDR Onboard DTE/DCE jumpers eliminates the need for crossover cables Battery powered (alkaline or rechargeable) with built-in recharging circuit Settings can be easily changed with AT commands via serial port and remotely over Bluetooth Status LED’s for TX/RX data, power/connection status and configuration mode Advanced Trigger mode connects/disconnects upon sensing incoming data RN-270F (female) Note With an alternative male connector: 7694163 Bluetooth - Microchip

The BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board of the MCP8024 TQFP is used to demonstrate the MCP8024 drive capabilities. A total stand-alone engine operator for brushless DC motors (BLDC) is the MCP8024 TQFP BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board. The board is capable of riding up to 15A and 28V with a three-phase brushless DC motor. The board’s input voltage variety is between 7V and 28V. The MCP8024 on board uses internal rectifier diodes to produce 5V and 12V.

Motor gate driver MCP8024 3-Phase Brushless DC (BLDC)

The board uses the motor gate driver MCP8024 3-Phase Brushless DC (BLDC) and the plug-in module (PIM) dsPIC33FJ32MC204 to implement a 6-step BLDC motor controller. In a BLDC motor system, the MCP8024 TQFP BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board is being used to test the MCP8024 of Computer chip. As presented, the MCP8024 TQFP BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board is prepared to use one on-board toggle switch to stop and start the engine, plus one on-board potentiometer to set the engine speed. The test board will power a BLDC engine with up to 28V supply voltage and up to 15A motor current. The BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board MCP8024 TQFP offers a 6-step trapezoidal control dataset with a 750 mW buck converter, 5V and 12V LDO, high-to-low voltage translators, present sense operational amplifiers and Auditorium-effect inputs.The assessment board gives an impression of the designation of the power supplies and the six Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) inputs on board.

The mcp8024 TQFP BLDC motor driver evaluation board kit includes;

• MCP8024 TQFP BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board (ADM00557)

 • dsPIC33FJ32MC204 Plug-In-Module (MA330017)

 • Information Sheet

FEATURES

 The MCP8024 TQFP BLDC Motor Driver Evaluation Board has the following features:

• Input Operating Voltage Range: +7.0V to +28V
• Maximum of 500 mA of gate drive current for external N-Channel MOSFETs
• Drives up to a 15A BLDC motor
• PICkit 3, MPLAB REAL ICE in-circuit emulator and MPLAB ICD 3 debugger interfaces
• Speed control potentiometer
• Terminal block for 5V and 12V Hall-effect sensors
• SPI and I2C headers for user communications
• Programmable external MOSFET overcurrent protection
• Programmable PWM dead-time protection
• 750 mW Buck Regulator with resistor-programmable output voltage
• ON/OFF momentary contact switch
• Reset momentary contact switch
• Spare user-programmable momentary contact switch
• PWM signal LED indicators
• 100-pin dsPIC DSC PIM header for use with MA330017 compatible PIMs
• Programmable PWM blanking time for current switching spikes
• Complete “C” source code

Configuring the The MCP8024

The MCP8024 has setup registers which can be used to change the device’s operating variables. The parameters were changed using the DE2 messaging bus to transmit data to the MCP8024. The transmission bus DE2 is a half-duplex, 9600 baud, 8-bit data, 1-stop bit, 1-start bit, no parity, serial communication link. To communicate with the registers, the user can attach code to the firmware of the evaluation board. The code of the evaluation board includes a subroutine that initializes the registers of MCP8024.

Environmental Meter five in one

The environmental meter can be used measure humidity, temperature, airspeed, and air pressure assessment, both indoors and outdoors. It comes packaged alongside an advanced measurement converter, or a weather station. The weather varies from model to model. It automatically counts the dew point or store data on a computer for analysis following measurement. Environmental monitoring is critical to industrial processes, farming, housing and the health sector.

The Environmental Meter is an extremely good multi-function meter that combines the sound level meter functions, light meter, anemometer, moisture meter, and thermometer. It is suitable for a variety of environmental data collection needs and for indoor and outdoor applications. A backlit LCD screen displays current, high, and low readings, and has a data holding function.

Incorporated low friction vane wheel improves ft/min, MPH and m / s, km / h, air velocity accuracy, and knots. Built-in thin film precision sensor for fast response moisture sensor. They are built in a thermistor for the calculation of ambient temperature. Input type K measures 2372 ° (1300 ° C) temperature. They are using Cosine diode precision and correction filter and light-corrected color measurements. A frequency weight and rapid response time are used for sounds level calculation IEC 61672 class 2. Total with the thermocouple sample Type K, pouch, and six batteries of 1,5V AAA.

The meter is operated (included) by a 9V battery that lasts about 30 hours. In order to optimize battery lives, after 15 minutes of inactivity, the meter automatically turned off, and the low battery warning indicator informs you when power runs low.

Accurate and Reliable; consistently receive high-quality data and operate constantly. Set the meter away from objects with the tripod, which may affect the measurements of relative humidity.

Easy to use; Together with a backlit display, a ' lock ' feature to freeze readings, and well-marked control keys, this simple ergonomic meter works.

Inspect and troubleshoot; efficiently, the touch temperature sensor and wet bulb/dew point measurement operate on a broad range of systems more effectively.

Sound Level

• Microphone: ½” electric condenser microphone
• Frequency response: 31.5Hz - 8kHz
• Applied standard: IEC61672-1 CLASS2
• Accuracy: ±2.0dB
• Frequency weighting: dBA
• Measurement range: Auto 35dB - 130dB
• Resolution: 0.1dB

Light

Spectral accuracy: CIE Vλfunction f1’≦6%

Cosine response: f2’≦2%

Accuracy: ±4% rdg ±0.5%f.s. (<10,000Lux) ±5% rdg ±10dgts. (>10,000Lux)

Spectral response: CIE photopic (CIE human eye response curve)

Measuring range: 0 Lux - 200K Lux, 0Fc - 20KFc

Photo detector: One silicon photo diode with filter

Air velocity

• Measurement units: m/s, km/h, ft/min, knots, Mph
• Air velocity accuracy: ±3%
• Air velocity range: 0.5m/s - 30.0m/s
•  Temperature
• Measurement units: ℃/℉
• Accuracy ±2.0℃, ±6℉
• Measurement range: -40 - 70℃ (-40 - 158℉)
• Resolution: 0.1

Humidity

• Resolution: 0.1
• Storage condition: -40℃ - 60℃, 10％RH - 75％RH
• Operating condition: -20℃ - 60℃, 10％RH - 90％RH
• Accuracy: ±5RH%
• Data update: 1 time/sec
• Dimensions (L x W x H): 252 x 66 x 33mm
• Minimum value: MIN
• Data Hold: HOLD
• Auto power off: After approx. 15 minutes of inactivity
• Power supply: 1 x 9V battery
• Measurement range: 10 - 95%RH
• Battery life: About 30 hours
• Maximum value: MAX
• Weight: 568gv

Keystone Electronics has manufactured precision electronic interconnection modules and hardware for over sixty years, providing high-quality products worldwide at competitively priced to the industry and is still relevant up to date.

Battery Clips, Contacts, Holders, and Retainers: Advancements in portable electronics, as well as Lithium-Ion battery technology, require stable connections to the device. Keystone is leading the way with a wide range of consistent, high-quality, cost-effective items for most battery types.

PCB Test Points & UL Approved Terminals

 Low profile as well as limited space drive of contemporary PCB connectivity designs. Keystone is the perfect fit for Solder as well as Solderless PCB Quick-Fit, Snap-on, Snap-Fit, and Screw-on Terminals as well as Color-Coded Screw Terminals & THM and SMT Test Points and more.

Pins, Plugs, Jacks & Sockets, and Industry's Most Diverse Group: Keystone's USB 2.0, 3.0 & 3.1 Jacks & Plugs, Micro Pins / Jacks, Banana, and Phono Plugs & Jacks are developed for use with the new Mobile & Computer Electronics, Home Theater, Test Gear and Industrial Interconnects.

Space-Saving Fuse Clips & Holders like Fuse clips as well as holders for Electrical, Datacom, Telecom, Automotive, and Solar applications. Keystone meets your needs with SMT, Thru-Hole, and Rivet Mount products.

Spacers, Standoffs/Supports

Metallic & Non-Metallic: Various insulated, as well as non-insulated spacers and standoffs, are accessible in a wide variety of lengths, thread measurements, hole sizes, mounting types, and materials. Choose from commodities of either English or Metric for your PCB, panel as well as mounting applications.

Panel Hardware, Handles, Screws & LED Spacers

 Keystone has value-added goods, namely Fan Filters & Guards, LED Lens Caps, Holders & Spacer Mounts, Jack Screws, and Connector Hardware, Instrumentation Handles, Cable Clamps, Knobs and more.

Quality Interconnect Components and Electronic Hardware:

Since 1950 Keystone's output has been characterized by leading-edge technology and precision production. This tradition is mirrored in their new M65 catalog.

Keystone staff is proud to comply efficiently and promptly with all requirements. We were made an industry leader by trained and committed technical staff, experienced staff in manufacturing and customer service.

Each Keystone device is integrated fully with 3D / CAD modeling and precision and die-operations CAD / CAM software. Progressive dies, four-slide, wire formation, in-speed tapping, and automated machining for tight tolerance standards, as well as custom products, are utilized by application and engineering experts. Applications and engineering specialists. Tapping, drilling, assembly, and finishing are secondary operations.

For product changes or special design specifications, application engineering services are available. Keystone is a certified company ISO-9001:2015 and complies with the directives RoHS and REACH.

Product categories

Product categories include: Battery & Coin Cell Holders, Contacts & Clips,

 Fuse Clips & Fuse Holders, 2AG thru 8AG, SPF, 9/32, 13/32, 5mm, Auto blade fuse clips and holders, Terminals & Test Points, THM and SMT test points for PCB use; Solder and Solderless Terminals and lugs and military and commercial turret and screw terminal boards, "Quick-Fit" Terminals, Screw Terminals & Terminal Blocks, UL recognized PCB Quick-Fit, Terminals (.110” to .312”) tabs for Vertical/Horizontal Mounting Designs, PC mountable single and multiple position blocks, strips and terminals, Spacers & Standoffs, Male-Female, PC104, Threaded and Clear Hole, swage, force-fit and hinged configurations in metallic and other materials, TO-3, TO-5 and TO-100 Sockets, Cases and Mounting Kits, Handles for Instrumentation, Round, Oval and Strap style handles in Brass, Aluminum and other materials.

USB 2.0 and 3.0, IEEE1394, Phono, Audio, Banana plugs and jacks, micro pins and jacks, PTFE insulated terminals and jacks, LED Spacers Mounts & Lens Caps, T1 and T1-3/4 spacer mounts, lens caps and holders, Plugs, Pins, Jacks & Sockets, Bumpers, bushings, cases, eyelets, grommets, hole plugs, and washers, Brackets (Computer & Mounting), Transistor Hardware, and Brackets for all PC computers in standard & custom configurations.

Raspberry Pi POE Hat The Raspberry Pi PoE HAT is used to power a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ via an Ethernet cable. Power-sourcing equipment is required on the Ethernet network, and should be available from your local reseller. Features & Benefits • 802.3af PoE • Fully isolated switched-mode power supply • 37–57V DC, Class 2 device • 5V/2.5A DC output • 25mm x 25mm brushless fan for processor cooling • Fan control

Raspberry Pi is a minicomputer meant to control and monitor the outside world. It is what physical computing has to offer to the world. Python programming is the backbone of these devices thus they are able to interpret their environments well. One of the Raspberry Pi’s powerful features is the GPIO pins line along the board’s top edge. GPIO stands for General-Purpose Input/Output. Such pins are a direct interface from the Raspberry Pi to the outside world. The Pi can power LEDs and turn them on or off.

The Raspberry Pi LEDs come in different models. This is as a result of the dynamic technology and the need to solve problems of different kinds, more desire for device performance and speed. According to their led these are the main models

Internet of Thing (IoT) is taking over the world quite fast. This interconnection of physical devices relies on 2.45GHz short range radio transmission systems. These systems include both the Bluetooth and the Zigbee technologies. While these technologies have good wall penetration, their range often causes numerous challenges. Designers now integrate several manufacture parts together to come up with solutions to boost the range of the 2.45GHz wireless systems.

Boosting 2.45 GHz radio systems

Mesh networking

Mesh networking involves the bouncing of signals between dozens or even hundreds of nodes so as to spread a network connection over a large area. Nodes are small radios that perform similarly to wireless routers. These nodes utilize Wi-Fi standards (802.11 a/b/g/n/ac range) to communicate both with each other and with users. They are programmed with a software that guides how they interact with each other within the network. This software also enables the nodes to automatically choose the shortest and safest path between two points. The more the nodes, the bigger the transmission range.

Advantages of mesh networks

• It uses fewer wires, making it cheaper to set up
• The range and speed of the network increases with the increase in the number of nodes
• Mesh networks are both self-healing and self-configuring
• Mesh nodes are easy to install and uninstall

Disadvantages

• Mesh networks are capital intensive
• They are complex, hence hard to manage

Manufacturer part required to implement a Mesh Network

At the heart of the mesh networks are radios that receive and send the radio signals. There are numerous manufacturers who manufacture such radios. They include,

• Cisco
• Motorola
• Linksys
• ABB

You can download the data sheets of the various and compare various radios suits your application best.

Forward Error correction

Forward Error Correction (FEC) is the process in which digital data transmitters add extra information called check bits to the data stream. The radio receiver analyzes the check bit information to trace and correct errors. When the errors have been corrected, the check information is then isolated from the data stream leaving behind the original information (voice, video, or data) intact. All these are done in real time while the data continue to be received. The methods used to detect and correct errors vary with the kind of information being transmitted through the network. Besides reducing the number of errors in transmission, FEC extends the operating range.

Advantages of FEC

• Back-channels not required
• Leads to reduced bandwidth requirements

Disadvantages

• Sometimes the check bits become the source of errors

Manufacturer parts required for FEC

Listed below are some components and transceivers that when inserted within the transmission channel support FEC;

• AX5042
• QSFP28
• FTLC9554REPM

SNR boosting

SNR is the measure of signal strength to the background noise. It’s measured in decibels (dB). The higher the noise the lower the data speed and the more the errors. SNR is also closely related to dynamic range. The higher the SNR, the higher the dynamic range.

One way of boosting SNR is by interfacing a transceiver with an LNA so as to lower the Noise Figure (NF) in the received signal. This way, the transceiver’s sensitivity is increased significantly. The other way of boosting SNR is by using a Power Amplifier (PA) on the transmitter side. Designers can also integrate both LNA and PA to boost SNR

A lot of care should be taken when using a PA to extend range. In the PA’s output is set at the maximum there is a high probability of the amplifier saturation which could result in false emissions and harmonics which will impact the system negatively.

Manufactures parts required for SNR boosting

Below are some components used in SNR boosting;

• CC2592RGVT
• CC2538SF53RTQT
• SMARTRF06EBK

Successful extension of the range of the 2.45GHz wireless system is very crucial will go a long way in boosting IoT efforts in homes and institutions. Manufacturer parts listed above are just a tip of the iceberg. They are meant to guide you in the right direction. Consult your system designer for more options as far as the components are concerned.

Texas Instruments is known for manufacturing optimized solutions for modern day design challenges. The impacts of its products in driving innovation is evident in IoT, self-driving cars and even smart buildings. Texas Instruments understand that the hallmark of every groundbreaking innovation is its ability to sense. TI manufactures innovative sensors that accurately deliver information from the physical environment to the digital frontier. Listed below is a portfolio of TI’s quality sensors;

• Hall effect
• Capacitive
• Current
• Gas/Chemical
• Humidity
• Inductive
• Optical
• Pressure
• Temperature

Hall effect sensors

Hall effect sensors are used to detect magnetic fields. It detects both its presence and strength. The presence and strength of the magnetic field are used to indicate either distance or position without contact. TI manufactures three types of Hall-effect sensors as listed below;

• Digital latch hall-sensor (DRV5013)
• Switch hall-effect sensor (DRV5023)
• Digital Omni polar-switch hall effect sensor (DRV5033)
• Analog Bipolar Hall-Effect Sensor (DRV5053)

These Hall-Effect sensors all have them except for the degree of sensitivity. Otherwise, the features listed below remain similar;

• Linear output Hall sensor
• Superior temperature stability (sensitivity ±10% over temperature)
• Detect North and South Magnetic field
• Support for a wide range of voltage (2.5 to 38V)
• Wide operating temperature range ( -40 to 125°C)

Sensitivity options vary from one type of sensor to another.

Capacitive sensors

Capacitive sensing with a grounded capacitor offers high-resolution, and contactless technique of sensing that can be used in numerous applications. TI manufactures a variety of capacitive sensors as listed below;

• MSP30FR263x/253x
• FDC2X1X
• FDC1004

They all have diverse features hence you might need to study all of them keenly to establish which ones fit your project well.

Current Sensors

Current sensors are either current shunt monitors or current sense amplifiers that are designed to monitor the flow of current in a load. It achieves this by measuring the voltage across a resistor. Current sensors have a unique input stage topology that permits the common-mode voltage to surpass the supply voltage. TI manufactures the following current Shunt monitors;

• INA300
• INA282
• INA226
• INA210
• INA215

Gas/Chemical sensors

There are two techniques used to detect gas, the electrochemical cell, and the NDIR sensing. Electrochemical sensors generate potential and then measures the current across a cell that responds to a specific gas type. NDIR sensors on the hand use infrared light to establish the volume of a specific gas in a container. Below are TI’s gas/chemical sensors;

• LMP91000
• LMP91050
• DLP4500NIR

Humidity sensors

Humidity sensors are used to determine the amount of moisture present in the air. Relative humidity is a function of temperature hence humidity sensors incorporate temperature sensors. Below is TI’s humidity sensor portfolio;

• HDC1080EVM
• HDC1008EVM
• HDC1000EVM

Inductive Sensors

Inductive sensors measure position, motion, and composition of a metal or a conductive material in a contactless manner. They also detect the compression, extension, or twist of a spring. Inductive sensors are immune to interference like oil, water or dirt thus allowing for sensing in harsh environments. Below are TI’s inductive sensors;

• LCD161x
• LCD131x
• LDC1000
• LDC1041
• LMP91300

Optical Sensors

Optical sensing converts light rays into electronic signals. They measure either the intensity of light or the changes between one or more light beams. Texas Instruments offers the following optical sensors;

• OPT3001
• DLP4500NIR
• DLP4500

Pressure sensors

Whichever pressure sensor you use, pressure signal conditioners deliver very precise and programmable solutions that enable to accurately measure pressure. TI offers the following signal conditioners;

• PGA308
• PGA309
• PGA400-Q1

Temperature sensors

Silicon PN junction exhibits highly predictable linear properties from which temperature sensors derive their accuracy. Temperature sensors offer high accuracy without zero calibration in the end system. They can be integrated and monitored using numerous multi-option channels. TI offers the following multichannel options,

• TMP107
• TMP007
• LMT84
• LM57
• LM20
• TMP175
• TMP451

 Online Electronic Components Here at EnrgTech.Read us more about News and blog as well setup Electronic Components at https://blog.enrgtech.co.uk/

Raspberry Pi is a minicomputer meant to control and monitor the outside world. It is what physical computing has to offer to the world. Python programming is the backbone of these devices thus they are able to interpret their environments well. One of the Raspberry Pi’s powerful features is the GPIO pins line along the board’s top edge. GPIO stands for General-Purpose Input/Output. Such pins are a direct interface from the Raspberry Pi to the outside world. The Pi can power LEDs and turn them on or off.

The Raspberry Pi LEDs come in different models. This is as a result of the dynamic technology and the need to solve problems of different kinds, more desire for device performance and speed. According to their led these are the main models

Raspberry Pi 3

General specs are;

• Broadcom BCM2837 64bit ARMv7 Quad Core Processor powered Single Board Computer running at 1.2GHz
• Micro SD port for loading your operating system and storing data
• 1GB RAM
• port for connecting the Raspberry Pi touch screen display
• BCM43143 Wi-Fi on board
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) on board 40pin extended GPIO
• 4 pole Stereo output and Composite video port
• Full-size HDMI
• CSI camera port for connecting the Raspberry Pi camera DSI display
• Upgraded switched Micro USB power source.
• Expected to have the same form factor as the Pi 2 Model B, however the LEDs will change position
• 4 x USB 2 ports

Raspberry Pi 2

This model came after the B+ Model. This means higher speed and better performance.it is six times faster than the previous model(B+ Model).

features

• CPU: Broadcom BCM2836 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor
• USB Ports: 4 USB 2.0 ports
• RAM: 1 GB SDRAM
• Power Source: 5V Micro USB
• Weight: 45 g
• Network: 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet)
• Power Ratings: 600 mA (3.0 W)
• Size: 85.60 mm × 56.5 mm

Raspberry pi zero

This is a model intended to give optimized results. There are two versions ;

• Raspberry zero W
• Raspberry WH

The two exhibit the following similar characteristics;

• 1GHz, Single-core CPU
• 512MB RAM
• Mini HDMI and USB On-The-Go ports
• Micro USB power
• HAT-compatible 40-pin header
• Composite video and reset headers
• CSI camera connector
• 802.11n wireless LAN
• Bluetooth 4.0

Status

The raspberry pi as well as different statuses. This is due to the result of the configurations on each.

• ACT/OK- It is normally green and implies the activity of the SD card.
• PWR – Red for power
• FDX – Green in color. Full-duplex LAN connected.
• LNK- Green for link/activity LAN
• 10M/100-Yellow 100Mbit (LAN) connected

Power

The red power LEDs display an active power supply for the Pi. The LED is connected directly to the 3.3V supply in Model A and Model B (rev 1). If it does not light or flashes, this means that the power supply is having a problem. The power LED is slightly smarter in the later models (A+, B+, Pi 2 & Pi 3). It attaches to the 5V and flashes when the voltage falls below.